A proposal towards the penal process and the cause of the sentence

El acto legislativo número 03 de 2002, modificó los artículos 250 y 251 de la Constitución Nacional, y estableció en Colombia un sistema de investigación y juzgamiento de las conductas punibles de tendencia acusatoria. La estructura del sistema procesal obedece a dos etapas bien definidas: indagación e investigación y el juicio En el presente artículo de reflexión, se expone la idea de que el proceso penal acusatorio, se estructura y desarrolla a través de audiencias preliminares y de conocimiento. Las preliminares constituyen actos procesales de impulso, o de partes que soportan el proceso penal, el cual se estima, surge en la etapa del juicio con la pretensión acusatoria de la fiscalía. El juicio termina con la sentencia que debe ser motivada por el juez para garantizar el debido proceso de los acusados.Abstract: The legislative act I, number 03, 2002, modified articles 250 and 251 of the National Constitution, and established in Colombia a system of investigation and judgment of the punishable conducts of accusatory trend. The structure of the procedural system obeys to two definite well stages: investigation and investigation and the judgment In the present article of reflection, it works the idea that the penal accusatory process is constructed and develops across preliminary hearings and knowledge. The preliminary ones constitute procedural acts of impulse, or from parts that support the penal process, which is estimated, it arises in the stage of the judgment with the accusatory pretension of the district attorney’s office. The judgment ends with the judgment that it must be motivated for the judge to guarantee the due process of the defendants

El sistema penal acusatorio en el distrito judicial de Barranquilla

El acto legislativo 03 de 2002, modificó los artículos 116, 250 y 251 de la Constitución Nacional, e introdujo en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico penal una nueva forma de investigar y juzgar las conductas punibles. El nuevo sistema procesal, se caracteriza por la publicidad, oralidad, contradicción, concentración e inmediación. Para su regulación, se expidió por el Congreso de la República la ley 906 de 2004, que en su artículo 530 ordena su implantación gradual y sucesiva en el territorio nacional, correspondiéndole al Distrito Judicial de Barranquilla, a partir del 1º de enero de 2008. Por ser de los últimos en la escala de aplicación, se aspiraba a que los cambios sustanciales y significativos que aparejaban su entrada en vigencia, se asimilaran sin mayor traumatismo en lo que respecta a la administración de justicia. En este sentido, y con el propósito de evaluar los resultados de su aplicación, se realizó un conversatorio, el cual el autor presidió en compañía de la Directora Seccional de Fiscalía. Se pretendían señalar las bondades, beneficios y ventajas del sistema; así mismo, las debilidades, y dificultades que se presentaban hasta ese momento, a efectos de recoger experiencias que permitieran redireccionar los procesos y corregir las deficiencias que se presentaban. se destaca que el análisis corresponde a los primeros cinco meses de aplicación del Nuevo Sistema Procesal.Abstract: The legislative act 03 of 2002, has modified the articles 116, 250 and 251 of the National Constitution, and has introduced in our juridical penal classification a new way of investigating and judging the punishable conducts. The new procedural system, is characterized by the advertising, orality, contradiction, concentra- tion and immediacy. For his regulation, the law sent for the Congress of the Republic 906 of 2004, which in his article 530 arranges his gradual and successive implantation in the national territory, corresponding to him to Barranquilla’s Judicial District, from the 1 º of January, 2008. For being of the last ones in the scale of application, it was inhaled to that the substantial and significant changes that were preparing his entry in force, were assimilating without major traumatism regarding the administration of justice. In this respect, and with the intention of evaluating the results of his application, there was realized a conversatorio, which the author presided in company of the Sectional Director of District attorney’s office. One was trying to in- dicate the kindness, benefits and advantages of the system; likewise, the weaknesses, and difficulties that they were presenting up to this moment, to effects of gathering experiences that were allowing redireccionar the processes and to correct the faults that they were presenting. It distinguishes that the analysis corresponds to the first five months of application of the New Procedural Syste

External interaction management of VRML scenes for e-learning applications

This is an electronic version of the paper presenten at the International conference on International Workshop on Web3D Technologies in Learning, Education and Training (LET-Web3D 2004) held in Udine (Italy) on 2004This paper describes an innovative approach to solve some of the problems that arise when integrating virtual reality capabilities into e-learning environments. The VRML representation of a scene includes, along with its geometric description, a full specification of the student-scene interaction logic. This representation is rendered by a browser, which also orchestrates the interaction according to the logic. Such a mechanism implies reprogramming and/or replicating partly the logic when modifying the interaction scheme of a single scene for different students. It also prevents any external access to student’s actions or scene reactions, which is necessary for on-line evaluation or instruction. We propose to expand the standard interaction mechanism of VRML so that both the specification of the scene logic and the interaction flow are managed by an external and centralized entity following a clientserver approach, hence solving the identified problems, while additionally increasing design efficiency and content protection.This work has been partly supported by the Plan Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología of the Spanish Government under project TIC2001-306

Influencia de variables individuales y grupales en la actitud de los investigadores españoles hacia la transferencia de conocimiento y la cooperación con empresas y administraciones públicas

National and supranational governments have promoted knowledge transfer policies for the generation of socio-economic impacts by intersectional cooperation. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding the mechanisms that generate the attitudes conducive that lead to such transfer. From the responses of 851 leaders of Spanish research groups in four regions ?Andalucía, Canarias, Madrid and País Vasco? three logistic regression models have been generated in order to measure the influence of individual and group variables on the more or less proactive attitude of the researchers towards cooperation with non-academic partners ?businesses and public administrations?. Our results refine the hypothesis of the “virtuous circle” regarding knowledge transfer, giving a negative role to previous collaboration with public administrations. Discipline and age have not been significant factores in this model, while academic achievements and motivation have played a less prominent role than expected.Gobiernos nacionales y supranacionales han fomentado políticas orientadas a la producción de nuevos conocimientos que den lugar a impactos socioeconómicos mediante la cooperación intersectorial. Sin embargo, es mucho aún lo que se desconoce acerca de los mecanismos que generan actitudes proclives a dicha transferencia. A partir de las respuestas de 851 investigadores, a la cabeza de sus grupos de investigación en diferentes centros públicos de investigación de Andalucía, Canarias, Madrid y País Vasco, se han generado tres modelos de regresión logística en los que se comprueba la influencia de variables individuales y grupales en la actitud más o menos proclive de los investigadores a la cooperación con agentes no académicos ?empresas y administraciones públicas?. Nuestros resultados matizan la hipótesis del “círculo virtuoso” otorgando un papel negativo a la cooperación previa con las administraciones públicas. La disciplina científica y la edad no se han mostrado significativas dentro del modelo, mientras que los méritos académicos y las motivaciones han tenido un papel menos destacado de lo esperable

Understanding the effects of cortical gyrification in tACS: insights from experiments and computational models

The alpha rhythm is often associated with relaxed wakefulness or idling and is altered by various factors. Abnormalities in the alpha rhythm have been linked to several neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been proposed as a potential tool to restore a disrupted alpha rhythm in the brain by stimulating at the individual alpha frequency (IAF), although some research has produced contradictory results. In this study, we applied an IAF-tACS protocol over parieto-occipital areas to a sample of healthy subjects and measured its effects over the power spectra. Additionally, we used computational models to get a deeper understanding of the results observed in the experiment. Both experimental and numerical results showed an increase in alpha power of 8.02% with respect to the sham condition in a widespread set of regions in the cortex, excluding some expected parietal regions. This result could be partially explained by taking into account the orientation of the electric field with respect to the columnar structures of the cortex, showing that the gyrification in parietal regions could generate effects in opposite directions (hyper-/depolarization) at the same time in specific brain regions. Additionally, we used a network model of spiking neuronal populations to explore the effects that these opposite polarities could have on neural activity, and we found that the best predictor of alpha power was the average of the normal components of the electric field. To sum up, our study sheds light on the mechanisms underlying tACS brain activity modulation, using both empirical and computational approaches. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques hold promise for treating brain disorders, but further research is needed to fully understand and control their effects on brain dynamics and cognition. Our findings contribute to this growing body of research and provide a foundation for future studies aimed at optimizing the use of non-invasive brain stimulation in clinical settings

Evaluation of diagnostic and prognostic candidate biomarkers in drug-induced liver injury vs. other forms of acute liver damage

Aims Detection and characterization of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) currently rely on standard liver tests, which are suboptimal in terms of specificity, sensitivity and prognosis. Therefore, DILI diagnosis can be delayed, with important consequences for the patient. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of osteopontin, cytokeratin-18 (caspase-cleaved: ccK18 and total: K18), α-glutathione-S-transferase and microRNA-122 as new DILI biomarkers. Methods Serial blood samples were collected from 32 DILI and 34 non-DILI acute liver injury (ALI) cases and a single sample from 43 population controls without liver injury (HLC) and analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or single-molecule arrays. Results All biomarkers differentiated DILI and ALI from HLC with an area under receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) value of >0.75 but were less efficient in distinguishing DILI from ALI, with ccK18 (0.79) and K18 (0.76) demonstrating highest potential. However, the AUC improved considerably (0.98) for ccK18 when comparing DILI and a subgroup of autoimmune hepatitis cases. Cytokeratin-18, microRNA-122 and α-glutathione-S-transferase correlated well with traditional transaminases, while osteopontin correlated most strongly with the international normalized ratio (INR). Conclusions ccK18 appears promising in distinguishing DILI from autoimmune hepatitis but less so from other forms of acute liver injury. Osteopontin demonstrates prognostic potential with higher levels detected in more severe cases regardless of aetiology.Consejería de Salud y Familia de la Junta de Andalucía, Grant/Award Numbers: PI 0274-2016, P18-RT-3364; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) cofounded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional - FEDER, Grant/Award Numbers: PI19/00883, PI18/00901, UMA18-FEDERJA-193; Universidad de Málaga/CBUA for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBUA. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBU

Type 2 Diabetes-Related Variants Influence the Risk of Developing Prostate Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis

This study was supported by grants from the FIBAO foundation (Granada, Spain) and from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI12/02688, PI17/02256 and PI20/01845; Madrid, Spain).In this study, we have evaluated whether 57 genome-wide association studies (GWAS)-identified common variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) influence the risk of developing prostate cancer (PCa) in a population of 304 Caucasian PCa patients and 686 controls. The association of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the risk of PCa was validated through meta-analysis of our data with those from the UKBiobank and FinnGen cohorts, but also previously published genetic studies. We also evaluated whether T2D SNPs associated with PCa risk could influence host immune responses by analysing their correlation with absolute numbers of 91 blood-derived cell populations and circulating levels of 103 immunological proteins and 7 steroid hormones. We also investigated the correlation of the most interesting SNPs with cytokine levels after in vitro stimulation of whole blood, peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and monocyte-derived macrophages with LPS, PHA, Pam3Cys, and Staphylococcus Aureus. The meta-analysis of our data with those from six large cohorts confirmed that each copy of the FTOrs9939609A, HNF1B(rs7501939T), HNF1B(rs75721T), HNF1B(rs4430796G), and JAZF1(rs10486567A) alleles significantly decreased risk of developing PCa (p = 3.70 x 10(-5), p = 9.39 x 10(-54), p = 5.04 x 10(-54), p = 1.19 x 10(-71), and p = 1.66 x 10(-18), respectively). Although it was not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing, we also found that the NOTCH2(rs10923931T) and RBMS1(rs7593730) SNPs associated with the risk of developing PCa (p = 8.49 x 10(-4) and 0.004). Interestingly, we found that the protective effect attributed to the HFN1B locus could be mediated by the SULT1A1 protein (p = 0.00030), an arylsulfotransferase that catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. In addition to these results, eQTL analysis revealed that the HNF1B(rs7501939), HNF1B(rs757210), HNF1B(rs4430796), NOTCH2(rs10923931), and RBMS1(rs7593730) SNPs influence the risk of PCa through the modulation of mRNA levels of their respective genes in whole blood and/or liver. These results confirm that functional TD2-related variants influence the risk of developing PCa, but also highlight the need of additional experiments to validate our functional results in a tumoral tissue context.FIBAO foundation (Granada, Spain)Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI12/02688 PI17/02256 PI20/0184